Medical and legal point of view for low-vision patients.

The aim of the study was to highlight the medical and legal difficulties in framing low-vision patients for certification. We performed a retrospective observational study conducted from January 2013 to January 2016, on 63 patients with the mean age of 16.37±3.34 years, evaluated at the Ophthalmology Clinic from "Sf. Spiridon" Hospital, Iași, in order to release a medical certificate required at the Expertise Board. The clinical parameters observed were visual acuity (VA) with correction, objective refraction (in Spherical Equivalent - SEq), intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination of the anterior pole, fundus examination, orthoptic eye exam, and ocular ultrasonography (in selected cases). The main causes for the decreased visual acuity found are refractive or strabic amblyopia determined by: high myopia (28.57%), esotropia (19.04%), astigmatism (17.46); congenital diseases - congenital nystagmus (12.69%), congenital cataract (7.93%), microphthalmia (7.93%); acquired diseases - retinopathy of prematurity (9.52%), optic nerve atrophy (7.93%), bandelette keratopathy (6.34); ocular trauma (7.93%). In 52.38% of the cases for the RE and 53.96% of the cases for the LE, decreased visual acuity was caused by an irreversible condition and could not be improved. Patients come every year for reevaluation in order to receive the medical certificate required at the Expertise Board. Evaluating the patient for a certificate for visual impairment is a time consuming process due to the high number of investigations necessary and, sometimes, difficult collaboration with the patient with associated general pathology. It also requires knowledge of frequently changing legislation to complete legal forms for patients with visual impairment. A medical certificate may now be issued with a validity of up to four years, given that certain diseases are irreversible and visual functional status does not change over time.