Predicting Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Cardiac Surgery Patients: An Integrated Machine Learning Approach With a Visual Nomogram.

OBJECTIVES

To integrate machine learning algorithms to identify key risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in older cardiac surgery patients and to develop a predictive nomogram to assist clinicians and nurses in identifying high-risk patients and implementing targeted interventions.

DESIGN

Prospective observational cohort study.

SETTING

Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary academic medical center.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 353 consecutive older patients (aged ≥ 60 years) who underwent cardiac surgery.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN

RESULTS

Comprehensive perioperative data, including demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, and clinical variables, were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used for predictor selection, followed by multivariate logistic regression to construct the nomogram. The overall incidence of POCD was 49.86% (176 of 353). Seven independent predictors were identified and incorporated into the model: surgical approach, pre-existing comorbidities, surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss, ICU sleep quality score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and preoperative self-care ability. The nomogram demonstrated good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.786 (95% confidence interval, 0.738-0.834). Calibration curves indicated excellent agreement between predicted and observed probabilities. Decision curve analysis confirmed the model's clinical net benefit across a wide range of threshold probabilities.

CONCLUSIONS

A precise and effective nomogram was developed using surgical approach, underlying comorbidities, surgery duration, blood loss, ICU sleep quality score, APACHE II score, and self-care ability as predictors of POCD in older cardiac surgery patients. This tool may facilitate early risk stratification and targeted prevention strategies.