Plant Exosome Injection: A New Boost for Postlaser Vascular Repair.

BACKGROUND

Microvascular activation is a pivotal early event in oral wound healing, particularly in laser-induced injuries where thermal effects alter endothelial behavior. CD31, a key endothelial adhesion and signaling molecule, provides a reliable marker for evaluating angiogenic onset, vessel reorganization, and endothelial stability. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have emerged as promising biotherapeutics capable of modulating cellular communication, yet their influence on CD31-mediated vascular remodeling in laser wounds remains largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate how 2 distinct PDNV formulations modulate CD31 expression and CD31+ microvascular density in standardized blue diode laser wounds created in rabbit tongue tissue.

METHODS

Controlled 450-nm diode laser micro-incisions were produced on rabbit tongues and treated locally with either Exoline or Glow exosomes. Untreated wounds served as controls. Tissue samples were harvested at baseline, Day 3, and Day 7. Histological evaluation focused primarily on CD31 immunohistochemistry to quantify endothelial activation, vessel budding, and remodeling intensity. Additional morphologic assessments supported interpretation of vascular changes.

RESULTS

Both PDNV formulations significantly increased CD31+ endothelial structures compared to controls. Exoline induced the highest early CD31 expression, accompanied by dense microvascular sprouting and pronounced endothelial clustering by Day 3. Glow produced a moderate but consistent elevation in CD31 labeling, with more gradual vessel organization. By Day 7, Exoline-treated wounds exhibited mature, well-oriented vessel networks, whereas Glow-treated tissues showed intermediate remodeling.

CONCLUSION

PDNVs effectively enhance CD31-mediated angiogenic activation following laser-induced mucosal injury, with Exoline demonstrating the most robust endothelial response. These findings highlight PDNVs as promising modulators of early microvascular remodeling in oral regenerative contexts.