Cognitive enhancement through transcranial infrared laser stimulation: Insights from our research.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), particularly transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS), has emerged as a promising non-invasive method to enhance cognitive functions in healthy individuals and those with neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Conventional pharmacotherapy often fails to improve cognition effectively and can produce adverse effects. In contrast, TILS of the prefrontal cortex modulates brain energy metabolism through mechanisms like mitochondrial upregulation, improved cerebral oxygenation, and enhanced neuroplasticity. This chapter synthesizes findings and insights from human studies led by our group to evaluate TILS mechanisms and efficacy in cognitive enhancement. Examples of our research include studies on healthy young and older adults, and patients with neurocognitive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, ADHD and autism. The evidence highlights TILS as a safe and physiologically grounded approach with wide-ranging applications. To maximize its potential, future research should explore optimal dosing, individual differences in response, long-term outcomes, and the use of neuroimaging biomarkers for personalized treatment strategies.