Nature-Inspired Nanostructures from Multiple-Species Biomembranes: Rational Engineering and Therapeutic Applications in Tumor-Targeted Nanomedicine.

The advent of nanomedicine is profoundly revolutionizing conventional paradigms in cancer therapeutics. Selected formulations encompassing lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles have already attained regulatory approval for clinical treatment. Nonetheless, achieving precise spatiotemporal control of exogenous nanomedicine within intricate physiological environments remains a formidable challenge. Drawing inspiration from evolutionarily optimized natural biological architectures, the development of biomembrane-derived nanostructures with unique biological activities provides a new impetus for designing personalized antitumor drugs. Biomembrane-derived constituents, particularly cell membrane, extracellular vesicles, and other bioactive payloads, have inherited their precise targeting, specific tumor killing, and dynamic tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments remodeling properties in antitumor intervention. Here, the diverse biomembrane engineering strategies to equip the biomembrane with plentiful functionalities are highlighted. Moreover, the cutting-edge innovations of mammalian cells/bacteria/plants-derived biomembrane nanostructures and their applications for advancing cancer nanomedicine development are systematically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities are proposed to realize the whole potential of biomembrane nanomedicine toward clinical transformation.