Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts to Treat Hydrocephalus and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Surgical Techniques and Complication Avoidance.

This article provides an in-depth review of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts for managing hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension, with a focus on advanced surgical techniques and strategies to prevent complications. It examines the placement of ventricular, lumbar, peritoneal, atrial, and pleural catheters, highlighting the benefits of neuro-navigation, endoscopic visualization, and laparoscopic-assisted approaches. Evidence-based methods to reduce shunt infections, malfunctions, and overdrainage are discussed, along with a comparative analysis of shunt types tailored to individual patient needs. The article also explores innovations such as programmable valves, antimicrobial coatings, and transesophageal echocardiography, offering insights into future directions for optimizing CSF shunting outcomes.