Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts to Treat Hydrocephalus and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Shunt Catheters and Valves.

The introduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage shunts has made treatment of hydrocephalus possible. However, failure rate is still high. Choice of shunt components could significantly reduce the need for revision, particularly using antisiphon devices and adjustable valves, at least in older patients. Current valves have simple design, draining CSF from normal production site to alternative body cavity. Shunt function is affected by hydrostatic factors, as well as physiologic factors that are still poorly understood. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to develop smart shunts that could mimic normal physiology and reduce risk of malfunction.