Enhanced cytotoxic and antitumour properties of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in swiss albino mice.

The current investigation evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a standardized hydroalcoholic extract of Cleome gynandra leaves (HAECG) using the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) model in Swiss albino mice. Administration of HAECG produced a significant and dose-dependent suppression of tumor progression, as evidenced by a marked reduction in tumor volume (3.1 ± 0.20 mm vs. 5.4 ± 0.25 mm; p < 0.001), viable tumor cell count, and lipid peroxidation levels (0.58 ± 0.03 vs. 0.95 ± 0.05 mg/g; p < 0.001) when compared with the EAC control group. Elevated glycoprotein markers, including hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid, commonly associated with increased membrane turnover and malignancy, were substantially reduced following treatment, demonstrating effective biochemical normalization. HAECG also restored serum protein levels (11.5 ± 0.98 g/dL vs. 8.9 ± 0.5 g/dL), suggesting a protective effect against tumour-induced hepatic dysfunction. Phytochemical screening identified phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites, which are well recognized for their antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, and cytotoxic properties. The combined reduction in oxidative stress and normalization of tumour-associated biochemical parameters indicate that HAECG exerts its antitumor activity through both antioxidant and metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Collectively, these findings highlight C. gynandra as a promising natural candidate for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.