What is the character of N deposition and its proportion to NH3 and NOX inside horticultural greenhouse?

Nitrogen (N) deposition is a vital process of N cycling and is consequently important for the evaluation of N budgets. However, the character and quantity of N deposition inside the horticultural greenhouse remain unknown, impeding a deep understanding of N cycling among soil, vegetable and atmosphere. Here, we measured the dry and wet N deposition, and disentangled the relative percentages of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) gases deposition based on the greenhouse vegetable cultivation experiment. Results found the annual N deposition, was 7.2-17.5 kg N·ha-1 under different chemical/organic N fertilizer managements, consisting of 77.0%-85.5% by dry deposition and 14.5-23% by wet deposition. The proportions of N deposition from NH3 and NOX emissions ranged within 37.5-83.0% under different N managements. The NH3 emission was the dominant driving factor of dry N deposition, while soil moisture was the dominant driving factor of wet N deposition. Controlled-release fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer resulted in the lowest N deposition (10.2 kg N·ha-1) and NH3 and NOX emissions (12.5 kg N·ha-1), which could be recommended as the mitigation strategy in greenhouse cultivation. This study investigated the dry and wet N deposition characteristics and their influencing factors, as well as the proportion of N deposition attributed to NH3 and NOX emissions, which provides preliminary understanding of N deposition and the reactive N gas diffusion from greenhouse into the atmosphere.