New therapies in the management of acute or cluster seizures and seizure emergencies.

Acute repetitive seizures, also known as cluster or serial seizures, may present considerable health risks, including death, to patients with epilepsy and often are a cause of psychosocial stigma. Fortunately, new formulations and drug-delivery systems approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over the past 5 years offer patients and health care providers greater control over acute repetitive seizures and emergency situations. Drugs that can be given intravenously, such as diazepam, phenytoin and valproate sodium solution, typically have the most rapid onset but are limited to use in clinical settings by health care professionals authorized to use them. In contrast, diazepam rectal gel can be administered to patients by their caregivers or family members in the home or in other non-hospital settings. Studies have shown that rectal diazepam used in such settings can reduce the number of emergency room visits, costs associated with emergent care and stress on the patient and family. Health education is necessary to help patients and families understand new treatment options and use them successfully. Additionally, facilitating patient compliance with prescribed treatment regimens may reduce the frequency and consequences of seizure emergencies.