Bioinspired Cane Interface for Orientation and Mobility in Virtual Reality Using Haptic and Auditory Feedback.

This article reports the design, implementation, and formative perception-based evaluation of an early-stage virtual reality (VR) prototype that integrates a virtual cane, localized haptic feedback, 3D audio, and a three-layer bioinspired sensing framework. The prototype was implemented in Unity 2022.3 using the XR Interaction Toolkit and URP and was structured according to design science research methodology (DSRM). The bat-whisker-contact framework was used as a functional abstraction to organize distal auditory reference or warning, proximal haptic feedback, and contact confirmation; it was not evaluated against a non-bioinspired baseline. The completed evaluation consisted of an anonymous, voluntary, post-use questionnaire administered to 25 sighted participants who could select which visual-input configurations to experience. The analysis focused on reported clarity, tolerability, initial signal interpretability, and design feedback; it did not include objective navigation metrics or assess clinical efficacy, training transfer, accessibility outcomes, or orientation-and-mobility performance in blind or low-vision users. General responses suggested favorable perceived clarity and multimodal usefulness, while cane length, floor-versus-wall/obstacle differentiation, and reported discomfort identified priorities for technical refinement. In the simulated no-vision condition (n = 21), participants reported high reliance on the cane response, whereas reported initial insecurity or doubt and basic mental map ratings remained mixed. The study contributes an early-stage technological artifact and a formative basis for subsequent controlled evaluations with objective performance measures, reference conditions, and target users or orientation and mobility specialists.