Environmental research · 2026
Prenatal fluoride exposure and motor development among infants in Los Angeles, California.
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Khan Durdana, Eckel Sandrah P, Hernandez-Castro Ixel, Hu Howard, Yang Tingyu, Farzan Shohreh F, Breton Carrie V, Bastain Theresa M, Malin Ashley J
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Prenatal fluoride exposure, at United States (US) population relevant levels, has been associated with poorer child neurodevelopmental outcomes; however, no US study has examined whether these associations manifest in infancy. This study investigated associations between prenatal fluoride exposure and infants' neurodevelopment in Los Angeles, California.
METHODS: Participants were from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. MADRES is a predominately Hispanic prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in urban Los Angeles. Third trimester specific gravity-adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFSG) concentration was a biomarker of fluoride exposure. Infant motor development, problem solving, communication and personal-social functioning at 6, 9, 12, and 18-months were assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). ASQ-3 scores were reverse coded, such that higher scores indicate worse performance. Longitudinal negative binomial regression examined associations between MUFSG and ASQ-3 scores adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, income, BMI, infant sex and corrected infant age at ASQ-3 assessment.
RESULTS: Among 346 mother-child pairs, the median (IQR) MUFSG was 0.79 (0.54-1.07) mg/L. Higher MUFSG was associated with worse gross motor performance (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03-1.45, p = 0.02). No significant associations were observed between MUFSG and fine motor: IRR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96-1.39), problem solving: IRR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.90-1.48), personal-social: IRR = 1.04 (95% CI: 0.83-1.31), or communication: IRR = 0.90 (95% CI: 0.71-1.14) scores.
CONCLUSIONS: Third trimester fluoride exposure may increase risk of developmental neurotoxicity manifesting in infancy. Additional studies are needed to further explore this association across other US-based regions and the nation.
METHODS: Participants were from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. MADRES is a predominately Hispanic prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in urban Los Angeles. Third trimester specific gravity-adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFSG) concentration was a biomarker of fluoride exposure. Infant motor development, problem solving, communication and personal-social functioning at 6, 9, 12, and 18-months were assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). ASQ-3 scores were reverse coded, such that higher scores indicate worse performance. Longitudinal negative binomial regression examined associations between MUFSG and ASQ-3 scores adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, income, BMI, infant sex and corrected infant age at ASQ-3 assessment.
RESULTS: Among 346 mother-child pairs, the median (IQR) MUFSG was 0.79 (0.54-1.07) mg/L. Higher MUFSG was associated with worse gross motor performance (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03-1.45, p = 0.02). No significant associations were observed between MUFSG and fine motor: IRR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96-1.39), problem solving: IRR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.90-1.48), personal-social: IRR = 1.04 (95% CI: 0.83-1.31), or communication: IRR = 0.90 (95% CI: 0.71-1.14) scores.
CONCLUSIONS: Third trimester fluoride exposure may increase risk of developmental neurotoxicity manifesting in infancy. Additional studies are needed to further explore this association across other US-based regions and the nation.