Network pharmacology and transcriptomics explore the therapeutic effects of Ermiao Wan categorized formulas for diabetes in mice.

Ermiao wan (EMW) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, with two modified versions including Sanmiao wan (SMW) and Simiao wan (FMW). These Ermiao wan categorized formulas (ECFs) are traditionally used to treat gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia. However, their potential benefits and mechanisms on diabetes remain to be explored. This study aims to investigate the overall effects and biological differences of ECFs in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics. ECFs significantly reduced body weight, improved oral glucose tolerance, decreased fat accumulation, and lowered serum insulin and inflammatory cytokine levels in HFD-fed mice. FMW had better efficacy than EMW and SMW. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that ECFs targeted functional modules associated with chronic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Transcriptome results also showed ECFs could inhibit genes associated with inflammation and upregulated some genes in lipid metabolism. Comprehensive analysis and QPCR verification indicated the beneficial effects of ECFs on diabetes might be attributed to the regulation of Ddit3, Ccl2, Esr1, and Cyp7a1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical use of ECFs.