Malignant pheochromocytoma with vascular invasion and metastasis: A case report and review of treatment options.

INTRODUCTION

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that arises from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, with an incidence of 2-8 cases per million adults.

CASE PRESENTATION: This case study presents the case of a 39-year-old male patient who experienced recurrent headaches, palpitations, and hypertension, ultimately diagnosed with malignant pheochromocytoma after imaging revealed a large adrenal mass with vascular invasion and metastasis.

DISCUSSION: Despite the rarity of malignant pheochromocytomas, they present significant clinical challenges. Diagnosis typically relies on imaging and biochemical tests, with management necessitating a multidisciplinary approach.

CONCLUSION

This case underscores the importance of early recognition and comprehensive management strategies for malignant pheochromocytoma and reviews the available therapeutic strategies including debulking surgery, chemotherapy and other novel therapies such as Iobenguane I-131 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.