Animal bioscience · 2026
Stewart-based characterisation of blood acid-base recovery over 48 h following exercise under hot condition in camels (Camelus dromedarius).
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Samara Emad M, Abdoun Khalid A, Al-Badwi Mohammed A, Bahadi Majdi A, Al-Haidary Ahmed A
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Exercise in desert heat disturbs respiratory and metabolic balance in camels. Unlike the Henderson-Hasselbalch model, which focuses mainly on bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, Stewart's physicochemical approach clarifies acid-base regulation through strong-ion and weak-acid effects. This experiment investigated post-exercise acid-base recovery dynamics in exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels under hot field conditions using Stewart's approach.
METHODS: Five healthy bull camels completed a standardized 90-min field exercise at approximately 14 km·h-1 during midday heat. Recovery was monitored at baseline (2 h preexercise), and at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Sixteen respiratory, strong-ion, and weak-acid variables were measured or derived, together with biometeorological indices and ventilatory responses. Visualization tools were used to resolve temporal dynamics and inter-individual variability.
RESULTS: Heat load was greatest at PRE/0 h and again at 24-48 h, with a transiently cooler but more humid interval at 3-6 h. A triphasic recovery pattern was evident. Immediately post-exercise (0 h), respiratory rate increased sharply, while pH showed mild alkalinization with reduced partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and base excess, alongside reduced oxygenation indices and early strong-ion shifts. During early recovery (3-6 h), respiratory rate declined toward baseline, but sodium excursions, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia (p<0.05), widened apparent strong-ion difference, contracted effective strongion difference, and positive strong-ion gap persisted. By late recovery (24-48 h), respiratory variables largely normalized, whereas sodium instability, sustained potassium and phosphate depression (p<0.05), and renewed strong-ion gap elevation indicated incomplete systemic restoration.
CONCLUSION: Stewart analysis revealed prolonged post-exercise disequilibrium driven mainly by persistent strong-ion and weak-acid disturbances rather than respiratory adjustment alone. In this small cohort of exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels, recovery after exertional heat exposure cannot be assumed complete within 24 h, and environmental cooling did not ensure systemic normalization. Monitoring strong-ion and protein- phosphate domains may therefore complement conventional blood gas assessment.v.
METHODS: Five healthy bull camels completed a standardized 90-min field exercise at approximately 14 km·h-1 during midday heat. Recovery was monitored at baseline (2 h preexercise), and at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Sixteen respiratory, strong-ion, and weak-acid variables were measured or derived, together with biometeorological indices and ventilatory responses. Visualization tools were used to resolve temporal dynamics and inter-individual variability.
RESULTS: Heat load was greatest at PRE/0 h and again at 24-48 h, with a transiently cooler but more humid interval at 3-6 h. A triphasic recovery pattern was evident. Immediately post-exercise (0 h), respiratory rate increased sharply, while pH showed mild alkalinization with reduced partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and base excess, alongside reduced oxygenation indices and early strong-ion shifts. During early recovery (3-6 h), respiratory rate declined toward baseline, but sodium excursions, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia (p<0.05), widened apparent strong-ion difference, contracted effective strongion difference, and positive strong-ion gap persisted. By late recovery (24-48 h), respiratory variables largely normalized, whereas sodium instability, sustained potassium and phosphate depression (p<0.05), and renewed strong-ion gap elevation indicated incomplete systemic restoration.
CONCLUSION: Stewart analysis revealed prolonged post-exercise disequilibrium driven mainly by persistent strong-ion and weak-acid disturbances rather than respiratory adjustment alone. In this small cohort of exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels, recovery after exertional heat exposure cannot be assumed complete within 24 h, and environmental cooling did not ensure systemic normalization. Monitoring strong-ion and protein- phosphate domains may therefore complement conventional blood gas assessment.v.