Sustainable Plant-Based Electrodes for Electrocatalytic Conversion of Small Molecules: From Biomass to Functional Electrodes.

Electrocatalysis has emerged as a cornerstone in advancing energy conversion, storage, and the production of value-added chemicals. A pivotal determinant of electrocatalytic efficiency lies in the design of electrode materials, underscoring the urgent need for cost-effective electrodes with robust structural integrity, high electrical conductivity, substantial porosity, and excellent catalytic activity. Plants (e.g., wood and bamboo)-derived monolithic electrodes have garnered growing interest due to their inherent hierarchical porosity and abundant cellulose content, offering significant promise for diverse electrocatalytic reactions. This review focuses on the synthesis techniques of plant-based monolithic electrodes, highlighting their structural features and evaluating their impact on electrocatalytic performance. Additionally, applications of plant-based monolithic electrodes in small-molecule conversion processes, including water electrolysis, oxygen reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrogen reduction reactions, are analyzed. The discussion culminates in evaluating the persistent challenges and perspectives in electrode material development. These insights provide a roadmap for designing next-generation electrochemical devices that combine superior efficiency, stability, and environmental sustainability. By advancing the performance of plant-based monolithic electrodes, this review lays a robust foundation for developing high-performance, cost-effective, and sustainable electrochemical materials and technologies for future applications.