An Endeavor in the Reaction-Based Approach to Fluorescent Probes for Biorelevant Analytes: Challenges and Achievements.

The promising features of fluorescence spectroscopy have inspired a quest for fluorescent probes for analysis and monitoring of molecular interactions in biochemical, medical, and environmental sciences. To overcome the competitive supramolecular interactions in aqueous media encountered with conventional molecular-recognition-based probes, the use of reaction-based probes that involve making or breaking of covalent bonds has emerged as a complementary sensing strategy to realize higher selectivity and sensitivity with larger spectroscopic changes. In spite of the enormous efforts, the development of reaction-based fluorescent probes meets with certain challenges in terms of their practical applications, demanding "intelligent design" of probes with an appropriate fluorophore attached to an efficient reactive moiety at the right place. This Account summarizes the results of our efforts made in the development and fine-tuning of reaction-based fluorescent probes toward those goals, classified by the type of analyte (anions, metal cations, and biomolecules) with notes on the challenges and achievements. The reaction-based approach was demonstrated to be powerful for the selective sensing of anions (cyanide and (amino)carboxylates) for the first time, and later it was extended to develop two-photon probes for bisulfite and fluoride ions. The reaction-based approach also enabled selective sensing of noble metal ions such as silver, gold, and palladium along with toxic (methyl)mercury species and paramagnetic copper ions. Furthermore, microscopic imaging and monitoring of biologically relevant species with reaction-based two-photon probes were explored for hydrogen sulfide, hypochlorous acid, formaldehyde, monoamine oxidase enzyme, and ATP.