Genetic and epigenetic landscape of male infertility.

Male infertility is a global health problem, affecting up to 6% of reproductive age men worldwide. It has an enormous personal and societal burden, along with public health implications beyond the inability to reproduce, including reduced future health and longevity. While the impact of infertility has long been appreciated, the molecular architecture of the disease is largely unknown. Nevertheless, the past decade has witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of male infertility. Here, we describe the contributions of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to infertility-associated phenotypes and their impact beyond reproduction. This review focuses on progress in understanding defects in sperm production and function, and the potential impact of these advances on diagnosis, treatments, and improved health.