Management of Upper Extremity Injury in Divers.

Modern competitive diving-especially platform diving-applies dramatic stress to the upper extremity. Some stress occurs during handstand-style takeoffs, but more force is delivered to the hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder during hands-first entry. Hand positions that minimize the amount of splash result in forceful wrist extension. This repetitive impact can lead to chronic upper extremity pain and acute injuries that require operative intervention. Many divers use taping and bracing to prevent or treat this type of injury, but these are only modestly effective. Although minor injuries can improve with conservative management, carpal fractures and ligamentous injuries often require operative intervention.