Management strategies and possible risk factors for ventricular septal defects after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Case series from a single center and review of literature.

Development of membranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) is a rare complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR), and is recognized using intraoperative and postoperative imaging. We present two cases of this rare but serious complication; one was successfully managed conservatively and the other with valve-in-valve therapy. Management strategies for post-TAVR VSDs varies, but should be individualized to the clinical scenario. We performed a literature search and sought to identify various risk factors which may predispose patients to the development of VSD after TAVR.