Association of elevated urinary cadmium with urinary stone, hypercalciuria and renal tubular dysfunction in the population of cadmium-contaminated area.

Excessive urinary calcium is the major risk of renal tubular dysfunction and urinary stone formation. We examined the association of elevated urinary cadmium with urinary stones and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 1,085 study residents of 13 cadmium-contaminated villages. Elevated urinary cadmium was significantly correlated with urinary stone and CKD. Elevated urinary cadmium appeared to increase risk of urinary stone and CKD; ORs and 95 % CIs were 2.73 (1.16, 6.42) and 3.73 (2.50, 5.57) after adjusting for other co-variables. This study revealed that elevated urinary stone and CKD induced by cadmium might increase the risk of urinary stone and CKD.