MAX-DOAS observations of ship emissions in the North Sea.

Shipping emissions were measured in Dunkirk, France. Elevated aerosol extinction coefficients (AEC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were observed up to 500 m from surface. Formaldehyde (HCHO) did not show an increase every time, which suggests that oxidation of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) took longer than the transport to the observation path and dilution of direct emissions had occurred. Background NO2, HCHO, and SO2 levels were higher when the wind came over land or the surrounding industrial area, indicating that land-based sources contribute significantly; however, clear spikes in NO2 and SO2 were observed whenever ship plumes were sampled. Observations show that the ship emission contribution to pollution is significant, but land-based sources still dominate. The SO2/NO2 ratio was low throughout the campaign, although varying according to the ship type, confirming that the new fuel content regulations are being followed by most ships in this region.