Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in kidney diseases.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as key regulators in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. This review explores recent advancements in HDAC research, focusing on their role in kidney development and their critical involvement in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury (AKI), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It also discusses the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors in treating these conditions. Various HDAC inhibitors have shown promise by targeting specific HDAC isoforms and modulating a range of biological pathways. Their protective effects include modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and fibrosis, underscoring their broad therapeutic potential for kidney diseases. However, further research is essential to improve the selectivity of HDAC inhibitors, minimize toxicity, overcome drug resistance, and enhance their pharmacokinetic properties. This review offers insights to guide future research and prevention strategies for kidney disease management.