The impact of traffic legislation on maxillofacial trauma: A global retrospective review.

Maxillofacial trauma remains a critical public health concern, with road traffic accidents (RTAs) being a leading cause, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While preventive measures like helmet laws and alcohol restrictions have shown efficacy, gaps persist in understanding their direct impact on maxillofacial injury rates globally. A retrospective, multi-database review (PubMed, WHO reports, grey literature) analyzed national traffic laws and maxillofacial trauma incidence. Data from 37 studies across five continents were evaluated using RStudio® for statistical correlation (p < 0.05). Countries with rigorous enforcement achieved up to 69 % reductions in fatalities. Helmet laws decreased mandibular fractures by 20.2 % but increased nasal/zygomatic fractures (p < 0.001). Zero-tolerance alcohol policies showed no significant BAC-fatality correlation (r = 0.077, p = 0.002), while e-scooter regulations reduced summer injuries in Finland. Head injuries had 18.6 × higher mortality than extremities. Legislation alone is insufficient without consistent enforcement - Brazil's high fatality rate despite comprehensive laws exemplifies this gap. Speed limits and helmet use attenuated injury severity, but poor compliance weakened the outcomes. A dual strategy of heavy penalties and regular official surveillance, combined with public education, is essential to reduce maxillofacial trauma. Policymakers must adopt integrated, data-driven approaches tailored to regional risk factors.