Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Integrated multi-omics analysis unveils biochemical mechanism of a triterpenoid-enriched extract from Cynomorium songaricum against obesity and insulin resistance.
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He Quanrun, Yu Yue, Ren Zhichen, Fang Daozheng, Liu Zhihao, Li Haimeng, Li Xinyue, Liu Yining, Sui Xin, Zhu Yong, Cheng Juanjuan, Mohammed Aminu, Hussein Mohammed Ahmed A, Geng Changan, Chen Jihang
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cynomorium songaricum is a traditional medicinal herb commonly used in Chinese medicine for metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Its triterpenoid-rich fractions contain pentacyclic triterpenoids with potential metabolic regulatory activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic improvement effects of the triterpenoid-enriched fraction of C. songaricum (CST), while comparatively assessing its two major constituents, oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA); and to explore their molecular mechanisms using integrated multi-omics analysis and experimental methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced obese mice were used to evaluate metabolic effects. Glucose uptake, lipid accumulation, adipokine secretion, and insulin signaling were assessed. Integrated transcriptomics and lipidomics analyses were applied to explore the underlying molecular pathways.
RESULTS: CST, OA, and UA significantly increased glucose uptake and reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adiponectin secretion increased from 36.74 ± 3.78 pg/ml in the model group to 79.83 ± 3.39 pg/ml (CST 25 μg/ml), accompanied by reductions in leptin, resistin, and TNF-α. In vivo, OA, UA, and CST reduced body-weight gain (14.3 % decrease in CST high dose group), improved glucose tolerance (15.6 % decrease in OGTT (AUC) of CST high dose group) and insulin sensitivity, and decreased plasma triglycerides. Multi-omics analyses revealed suppression of inflammatory chemokine signaling and normalization of dysregulated lipids.
CONCLUSIONS: CST and its principal triterpenoids, OA and UA, alleviated insulin resistance and obesity, possibly through coordinated modulation of metabolic, inflammatory, and mitochondrial pathways, suggesting C. songaricum as a potential source of anti-diabetic agents.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic improvement effects of the triterpenoid-enriched fraction of C. songaricum (CST), while comparatively assessing its two major constituents, oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA); and to explore their molecular mechanisms using integrated multi-omics analysis and experimental methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced obese mice were used to evaluate metabolic effects. Glucose uptake, lipid accumulation, adipokine secretion, and insulin signaling were assessed. Integrated transcriptomics and lipidomics analyses were applied to explore the underlying molecular pathways.
RESULTS: CST, OA, and UA significantly increased glucose uptake and reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adiponectin secretion increased from 36.74 ± 3.78 pg/ml in the model group to 79.83 ± 3.39 pg/ml (CST 25 μg/ml), accompanied by reductions in leptin, resistin, and TNF-α. In vivo, OA, UA, and CST reduced body-weight gain (14.3 % decrease in CST high dose group), improved glucose tolerance (15.6 % decrease in OGTT (AUC) of CST high dose group) and insulin sensitivity, and decreased plasma triglycerides. Multi-omics analyses revealed suppression of inflammatory chemokine signaling and normalization of dysregulated lipids.
CONCLUSIONS: CST and its principal triterpenoids, OA and UA, alleviated insulin resistance and obesity, possibly through coordinated modulation of metabolic, inflammatory, and mitochondrial pathways, suggesting C. songaricum as a potential source of anti-diabetic agents.