Preliminary evaluation of a model of stimulant use, oxidative damage and executive dysfunction.

BACKGROUND

Illicit stimulant use increases oxidative stress and oxidative stress has been found to be associated with deficits in memory, attention and problem-solving.

OBJECTIVE

To test a model of the association among oxidative DNA damage, a severe form of oxidative stress, and stimulant use, executive function and stimulant-use outcomes.

METHODS

Six sites evaluating 12-step facilitation for stimulant abusers obtained peripheral blood samples from methamphetamine-dependent (n = 45) and cocaine-dependent (n = 120) participants. The blood samples were submitted to a comet assay to assess oxidative DNA damage. Executive Dysfunction was assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), which is a reliable and valid self-report assessment of executive dysfunction, disinhibition and apathy. Stimulant-use measures included self-reported stimulant use and stimulant urine drug screens (UDS).

RESULTS

While more recent cocaine use (<30 days abstinence) was associated with greater oxidative DNA damage (W = 2.4, p < 0.05, d = 0.36), the results did not support the hypothesized relationship between oxidative DNA damage, executive dysfunction and stimulant use outcomes for cocaine-dependent patients. Support for the model was found for methamphetamine-dependent patients, with oxidative DNA damage significantly greater in methamphetamine-dependent patients with executive dysfunction (W = 2.2, p < 0.05, d = 0.64) and with executive dysfunction being a significant mediator of oxidative DNA damage and stimulant use during active treatment (ab = 0.089, p < 0.05). As predicted, neither disinhibition nor apathy were significant mediators of oxidative damage and future stimulant use.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide preliminary support for a model in which oxidative damage resulting from methamphetamine use results in executive dysfunction, which in turn increases vulnerability to future stimulant use.