The vicious cycle of SASP and inflammaging promotes aging and age-related diseases.

Senescent cells accumulate in aging tissues and secrete a complex array of bioactive factors that alter the surrounding environment. While transient signaling can support tissue repair, persistent activity drives chronic low-grade inflammation and contributes to age-related diseases. These factors can spread damage to nearby cells and disrupt immune balance, creating a self-reinforcing cycle. We integrate these features into a three‑dimensional framework of duality, vicious cycle, and tissue specificity to guide context‑matched therapy. This review discusses how senescent cells influence tissue function during aging, the mechanisms underlying their harmful effects, and emerging strategies to limit these effects.