Harnessing nature's toolbox: Overcoming complex pulmonary physiological barriers via inhalation of biomimetic nanocarriers.

Effective pulmonary drug delivery faces formidable physiological barriers，particularly mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, and the complex pathological microenvironment. To address these challenges, inhaled biomimetic carriers have emerged as a highly advantageous platform for drug delivery. By leveraging characteristics derived from their biological origins, these carriers inherently possess the capacity to bypass specific pulmonary defense mechanisms, thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency of drug delivery in the treatment of respiratory diseases. This review outlines the physiological barriers in the lungs to highlight the necessity of overcoming them. The following sections focus on the latest research and clinical progress of various inhaled biomimetic delivery vehicles, which will contribute to the strategic development of inhaled drug delivery system platforms and provide insights for achieving precise and effective treatment of respiratory diseases.