Endocrine-metabolic effects of kisspeptin in mammals.

Kisspeptins (Kp) play crucial roles in regulating reproductive functions. In recent decades, new effects of Kp on other systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems, and its possible therapeutic effects on gestational hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms have been identified. Additionally, Kp signaling has been investigated in endocrine-metabolic regulation; nonetheless, there are few reviews on this subject. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of Kp on endocrine-metabolic physiology in mammals. Kp modulates the release of hormones from various endocrine organs, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonadal, adrenal, and pancreatic glands. The metabolic effects of Kp exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, manifesting as an increase in metabolic activity, a decrease in body weight in females, and an increase in weight gain in males. Further research is necessary to investigate the effects of Kp on a wide variety of systems, which will help in advancing knowledge in this field. Further sex-specific studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Kp.