Novel Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation.

Rejection remains a major cause of renal allograft failure. Current diagnostic studies, interrogating the blood or urine, lack the sensitivity and specificity for early detection of rejection. Transplant kidney biopsy remains the gold standard, but is associated with morbidity. Advances in understanding the immunobiology of rejection have led to multiple, novel diagnostic tests facilitating non-invasive, earlier detection of renal allograft rejection.