Advances in research on layered double hydroxides for biomedical applications.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as a typical class of two-dimensional layered nanomaterials, have attracted extensive attention in biomedical fields due to their unique layered structure, tunable chemical composition, good biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, and efficient drug loading and controlled release capabilities. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the research on LDHs for biomedical applications, focusing on their potential in drug delivery, bioimaging, and other disease treatments. Studies demonstrate that LDHs function as efficient carriers for a range of bioactive molecules, including anticancer drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. Targeted and controlled release is enabled through mechanisms like pH responsiveness and ion exchange. Their favorable biodegradability and low cytotoxicity provide a safety basis for in vivo applications. Moreover, LDHs exhibit remarkable advantages in photothermal therapy, synergistic therapy, and the construction of multifunctional theranostic platforms. Despite significant progresses, challenges remain regarding long-term biosafety, scalable fabrication, and clinical translation. In the future, through rational design and multifunctional integration, LDHs are expected to become key components in next-generation intelligent nanotheranostic platforms.