Nanomedicine strategies against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Delivery, biofilm disruption, and translational considerations.

Acinetobacter baumannii has become a high-priority global problem because it causes hospital-acquired infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and multidrug resistance, environmental survivability, and biofilm formation severely restrict therapeutic choices. Antimicrobial nanomedicine has become a major focus as a translational approach. This review critically explores nanotechnology-based interventions for A. baumannii. Multimodal antibacterial and antibiofilm activities have been demonstrated in inorganic nanoparticles, such as silver, gold, and copper-based systems, with an emphasis on their translational therapeutic potential and nano-bio interactions. Polymer- and lipid-based nanocarriers focus on optimising pharmacokinetics, controlled release, and targeted delivery, supporting improved bioavailability and site-specific exposure. Carbon nanomaterials offer alternative antibacterial mechanisms but raise concerns regarding biodegradability and safety. Overall, antimicrobial nanomedicine can be considered an exposure- and delivery-focused system with significant potential for treating persistent drug-resistant A. baumannii infections, highlighting the translational, toxicological, and regulatory challenges relevant to clinical adoption.