High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and risk of dementia: 25-year longitudinal study in the Whitehall II cohort.

OBJECTIVE

We hypothesise that subclinical myocardial injury during midlife, indexed by increases in cardiac troponin I, is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, smaller structural brain volume, and higher risk of dementia.

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING

Civil service departments in London (Whitehall II study).

PARTICIPANTS

5985 participants aged 45-69 had cardiac troponin I measured by high-sensitivity assay at baseline (1997-99) for prospective cohort analyses. A nested case-control sample of 3475 participants (695 dementia cases and 2780 matched controls) was used for backward cardiac troponin I trajectory analysis. 641 participants provided magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for brain volume analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident dementia cases were ascertained from national hospital episode statistics, mental health and mortality registers until 2023. Cognitive testing was performed at six waves over 25 years (1997-99, 2002-04, 2007-09, 2012-13, 2015-16, 2019-22). Brain volume metrics were derived from structural MRI scans (2012-16).

RESULTS

For prospective cohort analyses, 606 (10.1%) incident cases of dementia were recorded over a median follow-up of 24.8 years. Doubling of cardiac troponin was associated with 11% higher risk of dementia (HR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.19). Participants with increased cardiac troponin at baseline had a faster decline of cognitive function with age. Compared to participants with concentrations below the limit of quantitation (<2.5 ng/L), those in the upper third (>5.2 ng/L) had similar global cognitive z score at age 60, but had 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.18) standard deviations lower score at age 80, and 0.19 (0.03 to 0.35) standard deviations lower score at age 90. Participants with dementia had increased cardiac troponin concentrations compared with those without dementia between 7 and 25 years before diagnosis. Compared to those with low cardiac troponin level (<2.5 ng/L at baseline) those with concentrations >5.2 ng/L had lower grey matter volume and higher hippocampal atrophy 15 years later, equivalent to ageing effects of 2.7 and 3 years, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Subclinical myocardial injury at midlife was associated with higher dementia risk in later life.