Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2026
Elevated CD3+ T-cell proportions and a dysregulated cytokine network characterize the Serofast state in treated syphilis: A cross-sectional study of 60 participants.
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Qiang Di, Peng Min, Zhang Wangyu, Tan Mengjun
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Syphilis serofast, characterized by persistent seropositivity despite adequate treatment and symptom resolution, poses significant clinical challenges. This study investigated the immunological basis of serofast status, focusing on CD3+ T-cell populations and cytokine profiles.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 20 healthy controls (HC), 20 serological cure patients (SC), and 20 serofast state patients (SS) with HIV-negative primary syphilis. Blood collection was uniformly performed at the 12-month post-treatment time point. Flow cytometry was used to analyze proportions of CD3+ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and antibody array was utilized to determine cytokine levels.
RESULTS: Serofast patients exhibited significantly elevated proportions of CD3+ T-cells compared to both SC and HC groups (both p < 0.05). A distinct serum cytokine profile was revealed in serofast state group, including significant upregulation of Eotaxin (CCL11), IL-17 A, TGF-β1, ICAM-1, IL-7, IL-15, MIF, IL-10, and MCP-1 (CCL2), and downregulation of IL-2, G-CSF (CSF3), and IL-1Ra (all p < 0.05, SS vs. HC/SC). Bioinformatics identified these 12 dysregulated proteins as critically involved in lymphocyte (especially T-cell) activation, proliferation, and differentiation, linking them mechanistically to CD3+ T-cell function. Linear regression demonstrated significant positive correlations between CD3+ T-cell proportions and TGF-β1, Eotaxin, and IL-17 A levels (all p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dysregulated CD3+ T-cell expansion and a specific cytokine imbalance may form a dysfunctional immune axis to promote chronic inflammation and sustain serological positivity, which offers potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 20 healthy controls (HC), 20 serological cure patients (SC), and 20 serofast state patients (SS) with HIV-negative primary syphilis. Blood collection was uniformly performed at the 12-month post-treatment time point. Flow cytometry was used to analyze proportions of CD3+ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and antibody array was utilized to determine cytokine levels.
RESULTS: Serofast patients exhibited significantly elevated proportions of CD3+ T-cells compared to both SC and HC groups (both p < 0.05). A distinct serum cytokine profile was revealed in serofast state group, including significant upregulation of Eotaxin (CCL11), IL-17 A, TGF-β1, ICAM-1, IL-7, IL-15, MIF, IL-10, and MCP-1 (CCL2), and downregulation of IL-2, G-CSF (CSF3), and IL-1Ra (all p < 0.05, SS vs. HC/SC). Bioinformatics identified these 12 dysregulated proteins as critically involved in lymphocyte (especially T-cell) activation, proliferation, and differentiation, linking them mechanistically to CD3+ T-cell function. Linear regression demonstrated significant positive correlations between CD3+ T-cell proportions and TGF-β1, Eotaxin, and IL-17 A levels (all p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dysregulated CD3+ T-cell expansion and a specific cytokine imbalance may form a dysfunctional immune axis to promote chronic inflammation and sustain serological positivity, which offers potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.