Initial experience with a 3D printed model for preoperative simulation of the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum.

The incidence of pectus excavatum has been estimated to be between 0.1% and 0.8% though a large autopsy series reports. After publication of the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum, it became widely accepted. However, there are still some complications, such as over-correction and recurrence. To reduce differences in the procedure due to surgeons' experience level, preoperative simulation may be useful. Thus, we performed simulated surgery using a specific patient's three-dimensional (3D) chest wall model made by a 3D printer before operation. A 13-year-old male patient with a severe deformity of the chest underwent the Nuss procedure. As in the simulation, bars were inserted into the 5th and 7th intercostal spaces (ICS), leading to improvement of the chest wall. This simulation can increase surgeons' confidence to improve the deformity by determination of the number and insertion sites of bars.