The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION

Phthalates freely cross the placenta and have the potential to influence pregnancy outcomes, with evidence of an increased incidence of preterm birth, low birth weight, pregnancy loss, and gestational diabetes. There is no regulation of phthalate concentrations in medications, which is often found in enteric coatings. Ingestion of phthalate containing medication during pregnancy may result in materno-fetal harm.

AREAS COVERED: Phthalate subtypes, sources of phthalate exposure, mechanisms of phthalate toxicity, associations between phthalate exposure and incidence of preterm birth, low birth weight, fetal growth, gestational diabetes, and placental development.

EXPERT OPINION: There is robust evidence to link exposure to phthalates in medical products including preterm birth, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and miscarriage. Nevertheless, future studies need to address standardization to avoid the heterogeneity of current studies. In future, the use of naturally occurring biopolymers may be safer, and the role of vitamin D as an immune modulator also has promise.