The interaction of second trimester prenatal maternal inflammation and psychosocial stress on offspring depressive symptoms in adolescence.

BACKGROUND

Higher second trimester (T2) prenatal maternal inflammation (PNMI) and prenatal maternal psychosocial stress have been shown to independently contribute to offspring depression risk. Similarly, interactions between sources of inflammation and maternal daily life stress in T2, previously have been associated with increased offspring adolescent depressive symptoms. We aimed to extend previous findings by examining the potential interaction between exposure to higher T2 PNMI and maternal daily life stress on offspring depressive symptoms in adolescence.

METHODS

614 mother-offspring dyads from the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) had data available for T2 maternal serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and soluble TNF receptor-II (sTNF-RII), presence/absence of maternal reported daily life stress coded from interviews primarily conducted in T2, and adolescent offspring (ages 15-18 years) depressive symptoms assessed via self-report. Interactions were evaluated using hierarchical multiple regressions, controlling for maternal education.

RESULTS

Maternal daily life stress interacted with higher serum levels of maternal T2 IL-6 and T2 IL-8 to predict adolescent offspring depressive symptoms. Higher IL-6 and higher IL-8 were only associated with offspring depression in the presence of daily life stress. Maternal T2 IL-1ra and sTNF-RII were not associated with offspring adolescent depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The interaction of the adverse impacts of maternal daily life stress and higher maternal IL-6 and/or IL-8 levels during the second trimester may contribute significantly to exacerbate depression risk in adolescent offspring. These results have potential implications for multiple targets of future early intervention and prevention research.