Roots of Progress: Uncovering Cerebellar Ataxias Using iPSC Models.

The inaccessibility of human cerebellar tissue and the complexity of its development have historically hindered the study of cerebellar ataxias, a genetically diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a powerful solution, enabling the generation of patient-specific cerebellar models that retain individual genetic backgrounds. This review examines recent progress in iPSC-derived cerebellar models and their application in relation to major hereditary ataxias, including Friedreich's ataxia, ataxia-telangiectasia, and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). These models have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms and supported the development of therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy and high-throughput drug screening. However, challenges remain, particularly in achieving the full maturation of cerebellar cell types and incorporating microglial interactions. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that neurodevelopmental alterations may act as early contributors to degeneration. Despite the current limitations, the advancement of patient-derived iPSC cerebellar models holds great promise for uncovering novel disease pathways and for driving precision medicine approaches in cerebellar ataxia research.