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Войти в исследования BMC veterinary research · 2026
Q fever in Kazakhstan: seroepidemiology, molecular evidence, and spatial distribution across livestock and ticks.
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Perfilyeva Yuliya V, Mashzhan Akzhigit S, Kuatbek Moldir M, Ostapchuk Yekaterina O, Dosmagambet Zhaniya M, Zhigailov Andrey V, Kuligin Artyom V, Bissenbay Akerke O, Kuatbekova Saltanat A, Kan Sofiya A, Lushova Anzhelika V, Abdolla Nurshat, Nizkorodova Anna S, Shapiyeva Zhanna Zh, Sayakova Zaure Z, Perfilyeva Anastassiya V, Berdygulova Zhanna A, Maltseva Elina R, Skiba Yuriy A, Dmitrovskiy Andrey M
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, remains a neglected zoonosis in Kazakhstan, with limited epidemiological data available. This study assessed the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk factors of Q fever nationwide.
RESULTS: Between 2019 and 2024, 1,314 cattle and 1,689 small ruminants were sampled from 115 to 149 villages/cities, respectively, and 3,073 ticks were collected from 39 districts across Kazakhstan. Blood serum samples were screened for anti-C. burnetii antibodies by ELISA, while DNA from sheep milk and ticks was analyzed by qPCR, followed by partial sequencing of the 16 S rRNA and IS1111 genes. Multiple spacer sequence typing was performed on selected C. burnetii - positive samples. Risk factors were evaluated in a GEE model, and spatial risk maps were generated via inverse distance weighting interpolation. The apparent individual seroprevalence was significantly higher in small ruminants (30.6%; 95% CI: 28.4 - 32.9) than in cattle (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.3 - 8.1; p < 0.0001). Herd-level prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI: 8.4 - 17.6) in cattle and 60.2% (95% CI: 52.5 - 67.6; p < 0.0001) in small ruminants. Pavlodar oblast exhibited the highest individual and herd-level seroprevalence in both species, whereas low seroprevalence (≤ 11%) was observed in Atyrau, Mangystau, East Kazakhstan, and North Kazakhstan oblasts. Herd size was identified as a significant risk factor in both cattle and small ruminants. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in three of 77 (4%; 95% CI: 0.8 - 10.9) tested sheep milk samples. Overall, 7.6% of ticks (234/3,073; 95% CI: 6.7 - 8.6) tested positive for Coxiella spp., primarily H. scupense and D. niveus, likely including non-pathogenic endosymbionts. Thirteen samples were successfully sequenced and showed 99.7%-100% nucleotide identity in the IS1111 gene with reference C. burnetii isolates. The allele profile identified in the present study for the loci Cox2 - Cox5 - Cox18 was 3-8-15.
CONCLUSION: Q fever should be regarded as a potentially underrecognized and underreported infection in Kazakhstan. The exceptionally high prevalence observed in Pavlodar oblast in small ruminants and cattle underscores the urgent need to initiate monitoring of Q fever in the human population.
RESULTS: Between 2019 and 2024, 1,314 cattle and 1,689 small ruminants were sampled from 115 to 149 villages/cities, respectively, and 3,073 ticks were collected from 39 districts across Kazakhstan. Blood serum samples were screened for anti-C. burnetii antibodies by ELISA, while DNA from sheep milk and ticks was analyzed by qPCR, followed by partial sequencing of the 16 S rRNA and IS1111 genes. Multiple spacer sequence typing was performed on selected C. burnetii - positive samples. Risk factors were evaluated in a GEE model, and spatial risk maps were generated via inverse distance weighting interpolation. The apparent individual seroprevalence was significantly higher in small ruminants (30.6%; 95% CI: 28.4 - 32.9) than in cattle (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.3 - 8.1; p < 0.0001). Herd-level prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI: 8.4 - 17.6) in cattle and 60.2% (95% CI: 52.5 - 67.6; p < 0.0001) in small ruminants. Pavlodar oblast exhibited the highest individual and herd-level seroprevalence in both species, whereas low seroprevalence (≤ 11%) was observed in Atyrau, Mangystau, East Kazakhstan, and North Kazakhstan oblasts. Herd size was identified as a significant risk factor in both cattle and small ruminants. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in three of 77 (4%; 95% CI: 0.8 - 10.9) tested sheep milk samples. Overall, 7.6% of ticks (234/3,073; 95% CI: 6.7 - 8.6) tested positive for Coxiella spp., primarily H. scupense and D. niveus, likely including non-pathogenic endosymbionts. Thirteen samples were successfully sequenced and showed 99.7%-100% nucleotide identity in the IS1111 gene with reference C. burnetii isolates. The allele profile identified in the present study for the loci Cox2 - Cox5 - Cox18 was 3-8-15.
CONCLUSION: Q fever should be regarded as a potentially underrecognized and underreported infection in Kazakhstan. The exceptionally high prevalence observed in Pavlodar oblast in small ruminants and cattle underscores the urgent need to initiate monitoring of Q fever in the human population.