Functional and feasibility aspects of orthopedic exoprostheses in quadruped domestic animals: a systematic review.

The use of prostheses in animals with partial limb amputation has emerged as an alternative to euthanasia, aiming to improve their quality of life. However, the fabrication and adaptation remain challenging in Veterinary Medicine. This study aims to evaluate, through a systematic review, the determinants of viability, outcomes, and limitations of exoprostheses in domestic animals of varying sizes. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using structure search terms related to prosthesis, veterinary, amputation. After screening and analysis,15 studies were included in the review. Seven studies involved small animals (six canines and one feline), five involved medium-sized animals (four juvenile bovines and one adult pony), and three involved large animals (adult horses). Data regarding species, body size, temperament, level of amputation, prosthetic materials, complications and owner involvement were analyzed. Canines showed the most favorable outcomes. In large and medium-size animals, especially equines, the level of amputation and material resistance were critical, although the risk of overload injuries remains high, raising concerns about long-term quality of life. Three-dimensional printing has demonstrated potential for customized prosthesis development; however, further studies are needed to improve strength and durability. Overall, adaptation to orthopedic exoprostheses in quadruped animals is feasible when case selection, prosthetic planning, and long-term follow-up are ensured, with success largely dependent on stump health, individual condition, and prosthesis quality.