Metabolites · 2026
Identification of Flavonoids in the Xylem of Castanopsis hystrix and Their Content Variation Patterns During Heartwood Formation.
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Ma Ruoke, Wei Liuming, Zhu Pingchuan, Liu Heng, Liu Boling, Qi Jianhua
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Flavonoid secondary metabolites accumulate in xylem during heartwood formation and critically influence wood color and economic value. However, the distribution patterns of individual flavonoids across sapwood, transition zone, and heartwood remain poorly characterized in Castanopsis hystrix, limiting mechanistic understanding of heartwood formation and rational resource utilization.
METHODS: Sapwood, transition zone, and heartwood samples were collected and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) for qualitative and quantitative flavonoid determination. Multivariate statistical approaches, including hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were applied to compare regional metabolic profiles and to identify characteristic differential markers.
RESULTS: A total of 26 flavonoids were identified, covering flavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydroflavonols, and flavanols. Quantitative and cluster analyses revealed distinct region-preferential accumulation: dihydrorobinetin, dihydromyricetin, morin, and kaempferol were highly enriched in heartwood; fustin, taxifolin, and cyanidin predominated in the transition zone, whereas afzelin and astilbin were more abundant in sapwood. PCA and OPLS-DA further selected four characteristic markers, namely dihydromyricetin, dihydrorobinetin, kaempferol and (-)-epicatechin, that effectively discriminated the three regions.
CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a clear radial gradient of flavonoid accumulation in C. hystrix xylem, demonstrating selective enrichment of specific metabolites from sapwood to heartwood. These findings provide essential data for deciphering the biochemical mechanisms of heartwood formation and offer a metabolic basis for quality assessment and high-value utilization of this timber species.
METHODS: Sapwood, transition zone, and heartwood samples were collected and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) for qualitative and quantitative flavonoid determination. Multivariate statistical approaches, including hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were applied to compare regional metabolic profiles and to identify characteristic differential markers.
RESULTS: A total of 26 flavonoids were identified, covering flavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydroflavonols, and flavanols. Quantitative and cluster analyses revealed distinct region-preferential accumulation: dihydrorobinetin, dihydromyricetin, morin, and kaempferol were highly enriched in heartwood; fustin, taxifolin, and cyanidin predominated in the transition zone, whereas afzelin and astilbin were more abundant in sapwood. PCA and OPLS-DA further selected four characteristic markers, namely dihydromyricetin, dihydrorobinetin, kaempferol and (-)-epicatechin, that effectively discriminated the three regions.
CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a clear radial gradient of flavonoid accumulation in C. hystrix xylem, demonstrating selective enrichment of specific metabolites from sapwood to heartwood. These findings provide essential data for deciphering the biochemical mechanisms of heartwood formation and offer a metabolic basis for quality assessment and high-value utilization of this timber species.