Anthropometric and hormonal risk factors for male breast cancer: male breast cancer pooling project results.
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Brinton Louise A, Cook Michael B, McCormack Valerie, Johnson Kenneth C, Olsson Håkan, Casagrande John T, Cooke Rosie, Falk Roni T, Gapstur Susan M, Gaudet Mia M, Gaziano J Michael, Gkiokas Georgios, Guénel Pascal, Henderson Brian E, Hollenbeck Albert, Hsing Ann W, Kolonel Laurence N, Isaacs Claudine, Lubin Jay H, Michels Karin B, Negri Eva, Parisi Dominick, Petridou Eleni Th, Pike Malcolm C, Riboli Elio, Sesso Howard D, Snyder Kirk, Swerdlow Anthony J, European Rare Cancer Study Group, Trichopoulos Dimitrios, Ursin Giske, van den Brandt Piet A, Van Den Eeden Stephen K, Weiderpass Elisabete, Willett Walter C, Ewertz Marianne, Thomas David B
Аннотация
METHODS: In the Male Breast Cancer Pooling Project, a consortium of 11 case-control and 10 cohort investigations involving 2405 case patients (n = 1190 from case-control and n = 1215 from cohort studies) and 52013 control subjects, individual participant data were harmonized and pooled. Unconditional logistic regression generated study design-specific (case-control/cohort) odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with exposure estimates combined using fixed effects meta-analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided.
RESULTS: Risk was statistically significantly associated with weight (highest/lowest tertile: OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.57), height (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.38), and body mass index (BMI; OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.51), with evidence that recent rather than distant BMI was the strongest predictor. Klinefelter syndrome (OR = 24.7; 95% CI = 8.94 to 68.4) and gynecomastia (OR = 9.78; 95% CI = 7.52 to 12.7) were also statistically significantly associated with risk, relations that were independent of BMI. Diabetes also emerged as an independent risk factor (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.37). There were also suggestive relations with cryptorchidism (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 0.96 to 4.94) and orchitis (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.99). Although age at onset of puberty and histories of infertility were unrelated to risk, never having had children was statistically significantly related (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.66). Among individuals diagnosed at older ages, a history of fractures was statistically significantly related (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.86).
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent findings across case-control and cohort investigations, complemented by pooled analyses, indicated important roles for anthropometric and hormonal risk factors in the etiology of male breast cancer. Further investigation should focus on potential roles of endogenous hormones.