Ligamentous injuries about the ankle and subtalar joints.

Ligamentous injuries at the ankle and subtalar joint range from simple sprains to severe talar dislocations. While lateral ankle sprains are among the most frequently encountered injuries and do not pose a greater diagnostic problem, the surgeon must be suspicious not to overlook associated ligamentous injuries at the subtalar and midtarsal level that may result in chronic painful conditions. Syndesmotic instabilities with or without ankle fractures must be assessed carefully and treated properly, since these are prearthrotic conditions. In the treatment of chronic ankle or subtalar instability tenodeses provide mechanical stability while reducing subtalar mobility. Anatomic reconstruction methods therefore should be considered for both conditions.