Background
Hypocalcemia during cancer drug therapy is known to occur as an adverse event associated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) in the treatment for bone metastases. Although infrequent, hypocalcemia also occurs as a secondary response to hypoparathyroidism or tumor lysis syndrome.
Denosumab, an anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand (RANKL) antibody, is administered to prevent bone resorption and associated symptoms, such as bone pain and pathologic fractures, in bone metastases. Because of the risk that the patient may develop hypocalcemia shortly after the initial administration, preventive calcium and vitamin D3 supplements are often given.
We present two cases of recurrent severe hypocalcemia in advanced breast cancer with bone metastases after modification of the therapy regimens. These cases differed from those with typical denosumab-induced hypocalcemia, and few reports have been published of recurrent hypocalcemia during use of denosumab along with preventive calcium and vitamin D3 supplements.
Case presentation
Case 1
The patient was a Japanese woman aged 35 years at diagnosis with no significant past medical history and with a family history of esophageal cancer in her father.
Her medical history revealed that, in year X, the patient was diagnosed with right breast cancer and underwent a total right mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy, which revealed invasive lobular carcinoma, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (> 90%), progesterone receptor (PgR)- positive (> 90%), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-negative, and Ki-67 index < 5%. The pathologic stage was T3N0, stage IIB. She received adjuvant endocrine therapy with leuprorelin and tamoxifen.
In year X + 5, she had multiple metastatic recurrences in the bone, liver, and ovaries. She began endocrine therapy and treatment with denosumab and precipitated calcium carbonate/cholecalciferol/magnesium carbonate. After third-line endocrine therapy, in year X + 7, she switched to tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil (S-1) as the first-line chemotherapy owing to disease progression. On the 99th day of S-1 therapy, she was urgently hospitalized owing to numbness throughout her body and severe hypocalcemia (serum calcium 5.9 mg/dL). She also exhibited QT prolongation, but no renal dysfunction. The hypocalcemia improved with calcium supplementation (up to 15 g/day). S-1 therapy was switched to eribulin (1.4 mg/mm 2 ) in the fourth month. On the 22nd day of eribulin therapy, she was hospitalized again for severe hypocalcemia (serum calcium 5.3 mg/dL). Renal function remained normal. The hypocalcemia improved with discontinuation of denosumab, calcium supplementation (up to 15 g/day), and calcitriol (1.5 μg/day). She resumed eribulin (1.1 mg/mm 2 , subsequently reduced to 0.9 mg/mm 2 ) with no recurrence of hypocalcemia. (Fig. 1 ) In year X + 9, in the 18th month of eribulin treatment, the regimen was switched to epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) therapy. EC therapy was concluded after a single course owing to worsening liver metastases, and she passed away at a palliative care hospital. Fig. 1 Chemotherapy regimens and trends of serum calcium (uncorrected) in case 1. Severe hypocalcemia recurred on the 99th day of tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil therapy and on the 22nd day of eribulin therapy. Despite the necessity of calcium supplementation, eribulin was continued at a lower dosage
Case 2
The patient was a Japanese woman aged 65 years at diagnosis without a significant past or family medical history.
Her medical history revealed that she was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer during an examination for breast cancer and underwent a total thyroidectomy and cervical lymph node dissection. The thyroid cancer was at pathologic stage T3N1aM0, stage III in the 7th edition of UICC. There were no signs of persistent hypoparathyroidism after the total thyroidectomy, and no recurrence was observed until her passing.
In year Y, the patient was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast, characterized as ER-positive (> 90%), PgR-positive (> 90%), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the Ki-67 index was 16.3%. The clinical stage was T3N1M0, stage IIIA. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, she underwent a right partial mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection, achieving a complete response. She received adjuvant therapy with anastrozole and trastuzumab.
In year Y + 2, she developed multiple bone metastases and received fulvestrant, denosumab, and precipitated calcium carbonate/cholecalciferol/magnesium carbonate. In year Y + 3, the regimen was switched to letrozole and lapatinib therapy owing to bone metastases progression. On the 56th day of letrozole and lapatinib therapy, she exhibited severe hypocalcemia (serum calcium 5.2 mg/dL) and QT prolongation during a routine check-up. She only complained of dry mouth and showed no signs of tetany. The hypocalcemia improved with calcium supplementation (up to 9 g/day) and calcitriol (1.5 μg/day). She had a positive response to letrozole monotherapy for 4 months followed by fulvestrant for 3 months. The regimen was switched to trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) owing to progression of the bone metastases. On the 42nd day of T-DM1 therapy, she exhibited hypocalcemia (serum calcium 7.0 mg/dL) and a decrease in serum HER2 protein levels (from 790 to 428 ng/mL). After improvement of hypocalcemia, she resumed T-DM1 therapy and had a positive response for 26 months. The regimen was switched to lapatinib and capecitabine owing to bone metastases progression. On the 35th day, she developed hypocalcemia (serum calcium 5.8 mg/dL) along with a decrease in serum HER2 protein levels (from 830 to 24.9 ng/mL). The lapatinib and capecitabine therapy was suspended for 3 months. On the 21st day after resumption of lapatinib and capecitabine therapy, she again experienced hypocalcemia (serum calcium 6.4 mg/dL). Throughout the course, renal function remained normal (Fig. 2 ). In year Y + 7, on the 9th month of lapatinib and capecitabine therapy, her condition rapidly deteriorated because of liver metastases and she passed away at the hospital. Fig. 2 Chemotherapy regimens and trends of serum calcium (uncorrected) and serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein in case 2. Severe hypocalcemia recurred on the 56th day of letrozole therapy, on the 42nd day of trastuzumab emtansine therapy, on the 35th day of lapatinib and capecitabine therapy, and on the 21st day of resumed lapatinib and capecitabine therapy. The serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein levels decreased after the initiation of the trastuzumab emtansine or lapatinib and capecitabine therapies, showing a tendency to correlate with the trends in serum calcium levels
Discussion
Clinical course of hypocalcemia in the two cases
We report two cases of recurrent severe hypocalcemia in breast cancer. Both patients had multiple bone metastases; case 1 was the luminal type, and case 2 was the luminal HER2 positive type. The patients did not experience hypocalcemia shortly after the first denosumab administration, but did so more than a year later despite use of preventive calcium and vitamin D supplements. This differed from the typical denosumab-induced hypocalcemia. There were no other causes of hypocalcemia, such as renal dysfunction, hypoparathyroidism, calcium loss from the kidneys, or hypomagnesemia. Calcium abnormalities owing to drug interactions were also unlikely, given case 1 involved sodium ferrous citrate and magnesium oxide, and case 2 included levothyroxine sodium hydrate, lansoprazole, and acetaminophen.
Additionally, severe and acute hypocalcemia recurred after the regimen changes. In case 1, the calcium levels remained stable until the third endocrine therapy, but hypocalcemia recurred after S-1 and eribulin therapy (Fig. 1 ). In case 2, the calcium levels remained stable during endocrine therapy, but hypocalcemia recurred after anti-HER2 therapy. The serum HER2 protein levels tended to decrease along with the serum calcium levels (Fig. 2 ), suggesting that the development of hypocalcemia could be associated with effective drug therapies. At 2–4 months after the treatment changes, the serum calcium level became stable and the amount of required calcium supplementation decreased.
Calcium abnormalities associated with cancer
Hypercalcemia associated with cancer is well known as an oncologic emergency, whereas hypocalcemia is less common. The primary causes of hypercalcemia include humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and osteolytic bone metastases. HHM involves excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and is frequently observed in squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and renal carcinoma. Hypercalcemia due to osteolytic bone metastases is commonly seen in patients with multiple myeloma and solid organ tumors, such as breast cancer [ 1 , 2 ].
Hypocalcemia is usually associated with adverse effects of BMAs, such as denosumab and bisphosphonates, and also of hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and intestinal malabsorption [ 3 ]. Hypocalcemia occurs in 5.5–13% of patients receiving denosumab [ 4 – 6 ] within 6 months (often within 2 weeks) of initiation [ 5 – 8 ]. This happens because bone-forming osteoblasts become dominant over bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are suppressed within weeks, while osteoblasts persist for several months after denosumab administration. The risk factors for denosumab-induced hypocalcemia include prostate cancer, small cell lung cancer, multiple osteoblastic bone metastases, renal dysfunction, and elevated bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels [ 9 , 10 ]. Preventive intake of calcium and vitamin D3 agents can reportedly reduce the incidence of hypocalcemia by 40% [ 10 ].
Relationship between hypocalcemia and antitumor drug therapy
Reports on chemotherapy-induced hypocalcemia in patients not using BMAs are limited to only one case of Hodgkin lymphoma [ 11 ].
Hungry bone syndrome is a condition of persistent hypocalcemia owing to significant absorption of calcium into the bones. It occurs in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism after surgical treatments, such as total parathyroidectomy or kidney transplantation [ 12 , 13 ]. In prostate cancer, osteoblastic bone metastases can cause hypocalcemia similar to hungry bone syndrome as a result of excessive calcium uptake in the bone [ 14 , 15 ].
Breast cancer bone metastases are typically osteolytic or mixed type [ 16 ]. The two patients here had mainly multiple osteolytic bone metastases and were treated with denosumab. They became resistant to previous therapies as the disease progressed, and underwent another chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy. We consider that this led to a rapid shift in bone metabolism from osteolytic to osteoblastic, causing significant calcium absorption into the bone. This contributed to severe hypocalcemia similar to hungry bone syndrome.
Symptoms and management of hypocalcemia
Initial hypocalcemia is often asymptomatic but can sometimes exhibit the Chvostek and Trousseau signs, tetany symptoms, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, such as prolonged QTc and ST intervals, arrhythmias, seizures, and even fatality [ 15 , 17 ]. Case 1 exhibited tetany symptoms, whereas case 2 did not. In both cases, hypocalcemia improved within a few days with calcium supplements (calcium lactate 3–15 g/day, calcium gluconate infusion 3.9–23.4 mEq/day) and vitamin D3 supplements (calcitriol 1.5 μg/day). Furthermore, the chemotherapy treatment could be continued by discontinuing denosumab, interrupting or reducing the chemotherapy doses, and giving calcium supplements. Regular calcium level monitoring through blood tests was considered important during antitumor treatment.
Conclusion
We report herein two cases of metastatic breast cancer with recurrent severe hypocalcemia subsequent to treatment regimen changes. Although hypocalcemia associated with cancer is uncommon, it is essential to recognize that hypocalcemia can occur during antitumor therapy, especially in patients with multiple bone metastases, regardless of the histologic type or subtype of the cancer. We emphasize the need for continuous calcium level monitoring not only at the initiation of treatment with BMAs but also throughout the entire treatment. While hypocalcemia can become fatal, it can be improved with appropriate treatment.
Abbreviations
Bone-modifying agents
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil
Epirubicin and cyclophosphamide
Best supportive care.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Trastuzumab emtansine
Calcium
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
Letrozole
Fulvestrant
Abemaciclib
Lapatinib
Capecitabine
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ms. Flaminia (MECC editorial services) for English language editing.
Author contributions
H.B contributed to the original idea of this case report; A.U and H.B contributed to the treatment of breast cancer and hypocalcemia; Y.Y and M.O collected the patient data and performed the data analysis; Y.Y and H.B wrote the manuscript; and H.H, A.I-M, S.H, T.M, and R.S provided valuable advice on the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
None applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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