Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis Mimicking a High-Grade Glioma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background and Clinical Significance: Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis (TMS) represents a rare and diagnostically challenging form of demyelinating disease characterized by large space-occupying lesions that can closely mimic intracranial neoplasms, abscesses, and other inflammatory or vascular conditions. Case Presentation: The case highlights the overlapping radiologic features that frequently lead to diagnostic uncertainty and underscores the importance of careful interpretation of multimodal imaging and ancillary studies. Overall a comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation is essential to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and avoid unnecessary invasive interventions.

Conclusions

This review summarizes current evidence regarding the diagnostic approach, imaging characteristics, and therapeutic strategies for tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Additionally, we present a clinical case that illustrates the diagnostic complexity of this entity, in which neuroimaging findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis supported a demyelinating rather than neoplastic process.