The role of macroautophagy in substance use disorders.

Macroautophagy, a universal cellular process, sends cellular material to lysosomes for breakdown and is often activated by stressors like hypoxia or drug exposure. It is vital for protein balance, neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and neuron survival. The role of macroautophagy in substance use disorders is dual. On one hand, substances like cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and alcohol can activate macroautophagy pathways to degrade various neuroinflammatory factors in neuronal cells, providing a protective function. On the other hand, long-term and excessive use of addictive substances can inhibit macroautophagy pathways, obstructing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and losing the original protective function. This review first summarizes the key proteins and signaling pathways involved in macroautophagy, including mTORC1, AMPK, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and suggests that the regulation of macroautophagy plays a central role in drug-rewarding behavior and addiction. Second, we focus on the interactions between macroautophagy and neuroinflammation induced by drugs, evaluating the potential of macroautophagy modulators as therapeutic strategies for substance use disorder (SUD), and identifying autophagy-related biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. Our review summarizes the important scientific basis involved in macroautophagy pathways for the development of new therapies for SUD.