α-Glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities of components from Tinospora sinensis.

A phytochemical study on the stems of Tinospora sinensis led to the isolation of ten previously undescribed compounds, including three new clerodane diterpenoids (1-3), three new lignans (10-12), two new phenylpropanoids (17 and 18), and two new amide alkaloids (22 and 23), along with 16 known compounds (4-9, 13-16, 19-21, 24-26). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and nitric oxide (NO) production activities. Notably, compounds 11, 14, and 26 exhibited significantly α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 13.57 ± 0.12, 11.30 ± 0.21, and 4.41 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Additionally, compounds 21 and 22 significantly suppressed NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, with IC50 values of 10.26 ± 1.00, and 8.02 ± 0.92 μM, respectively.