Dichotomous effects of autophagy on infarct volume in experimental permanent/transient ischemic stroke model: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

According to the recent findings, autophagy modulation is being a potential therapeutic target in the management of ischemic stroke in a pre-clinical setting. However, the pros and cons of autophagic response strongly depend on the activation time of autophagy after injury. In this systematic review, we aimed to explore the impacts of pharmacological modulation of autophagy on infarct size in experimental ischemic stroke models. Based on our preliminary search, 3551 publications were identified. Of twenty-nine publications that met the inclusion criteria, twenty studies reported infarct volume reduction by percentage (%) with no evidence of any publication bias while nine studies reported by mm3, which had publication bias (39.25 units, standardized mean differences (SMD) = 41.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 30.33 to 53.51). Based on a meta-analysis, the point estimate (pooled mean difference) for improvement of infarct volume during autophagy modulation according to the mm3 and percentage were 35.64 (mean differences (MD) = 35.64, 95% CI: 26.43 to 44.85, z-value = 7.58, p-value < 0.001) and 14.38 (MD = 14.38, 95% CI = 10.50 to 18.26, z-value = 7.26, p < 0.001) units, respectively. Despite the undeniable role of autophagy in ischemic stroke, the dichotomous effects of autophagy regarding infarct volume reduction should be taken into account. Based on our findings, the studies included in this meta-analysis mostly reported a negative relation between autophagy induction and stroke volume development due to over-activity of autophagy upon the severe ischemic stroke; therefore, further pre-clinical studies are also recommended to establish adjusted autophagy with considering a time-dependent effect as a promising therapeutic target.