Mortality 30, 60, and 90 Days After Discharge Is Greater in Patients Who Experienced Postoperative Respiratory Depression and Pulmonary Complication.

Upon the induction of general anesthesia, a predictable sequence of physiological changes occurs within the respiratory and neuromuscular systems. The sequelae of these changes include an assortment of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), including postoperative respiratory depression (PORD), that are observed during the immediate postoperative period and in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). These adverse events are anticipated, because several of the drugs that are used during surgery (e.g., opioids, which are traditionally used to manage pain during and after surgery), albeit therapeutically beneficial, have these adverse effects as part of their pharmacology. Nevertheless, the effects are traditionally considered transitory. However, several studies provide evidence suggesting that PPC-related morbidity and mortality extend 30, 60, and even 90 days after discharge from the hospital. These studies are summarized and assessed in this narrative review. Although exact estimates vary depending on the definitions used, the type of surgery, patient population, and risk factors (such as age), it is clear that PORD and other PPCs can be severe postoperative complications with significant associated mortality risks that extend weeks to months after discharge from the hospital.