Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems · 2026
Exploring the components of hepatotoxicity induced by Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. based on integrated network toxicology, metabolomics, and in vivo experiments.
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Yang Shunjun, Wang Hongxin, Gong Bowen, Tan Rong, Liu Ying, Wu Tiantai, Jiang Yunfang, Rao Qing, Li Weiwei, Yu Jia, Lin Chang, Jin Yang, Zhang Shiyu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: 1. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. (SBH) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, yet its clinical application is constrained by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). The relative toxic contributions of individual PAs in SBH and their in vivo metabolic consequences remain unclear.
PURPOSE: 2. This study sought to elucidate PAs-related hepatotoxicity of SBH by integrating network toxicology, LC-MS/MS fingerprinting, in vivo toxicity evaluation, and liver metabolomics.
METHODS: 3. Network toxicology and molecular docking were used to prioritise hepatotoxic PAs and their putative targets. LC-MS/MS fingerprints of major PAs in 12 SBH samples were established. Spectrum-toxicity correlation analysis and untargeted metabolomics were used to assess hepatotoxicity-related associations and SPL-induced metabolic perturbations.
RESULTS: 4. SPL, senecionine, adonifoline, and senkirkine were prioritised as candidate hepatotoxic PAs, with CYP3A4/CYP2C9 and DNA adduct-related pathways highlighted as potentially relevant toxicological nodes. Considerable regional variation in PAs levels was observed across SBH samples. Acute SBH exposure caused marked liver injury, and spectrum-toxicity modelling indicated that SPL showed the strongest association with hepatotoxicity among the detected PAs. Metabolomic profiling further showed that SPL exposure was associated with alterations in lipid and bile acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway, together with enrichment of xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adduct pathways.
CONCLUSION: 5. SPL is closely associated with SBH-induced hepatotoxicity and produces a metabolic signature consistent with canonical PAs bioactivation. Although SPL appears to be the most influential PAs among those detected, definitive comparisons of toxic potency require further validation using equimolar pure-compound exposure models.
PURPOSE: 2. This study sought to elucidate PAs-related hepatotoxicity of SBH by integrating network toxicology, LC-MS/MS fingerprinting, in vivo toxicity evaluation, and liver metabolomics.
METHODS: 3. Network toxicology and molecular docking were used to prioritise hepatotoxic PAs and their putative targets. LC-MS/MS fingerprints of major PAs in 12 SBH samples were established. Spectrum-toxicity correlation analysis and untargeted metabolomics were used to assess hepatotoxicity-related associations and SPL-induced metabolic perturbations.
RESULTS: 4. SPL, senecionine, adonifoline, and senkirkine were prioritised as candidate hepatotoxic PAs, with CYP3A4/CYP2C9 and DNA adduct-related pathways highlighted as potentially relevant toxicological nodes. Considerable regional variation in PAs levels was observed across SBH samples. Acute SBH exposure caused marked liver injury, and spectrum-toxicity modelling indicated that SPL showed the strongest association with hepatotoxicity among the detected PAs. Metabolomic profiling further showed that SPL exposure was associated with alterations in lipid and bile acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway, together with enrichment of xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adduct pathways.
CONCLUSION: 5. SPL is closely associated with SBH-induced hepatotoxicity and produces a metabolic signature consistent with canonical PAs bioactivation. Although SPL appears to be the most influential PAs among those detected, definitive comparisons of toxic potency require further validation using equimolar pure-compound exposure models.